Difference between Diabetes Mellitus and
Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Mellitus It is characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar level), glycosuria (glucose
in
urine), polyuria
( increased volume
of urine due to the osmotic effect
of glucose) ,
polydipsia
(excessivie thirst), polyphagia (excessive appetite). It is due to the hyposecretion of insulin or lack of
insulin.
It is of two types:- Diabetes Type I and Diabetes Type II.
Diabetes
Type
II (Insulin Independent or Non insulin Dependent
Diabetes
Mellitus,
NIDDM): It is an inherited recessive autosomal disorder appearing after the age of
40 years in
which the
cells
fail to take
up
insulin
from
blood. It
results in
deficient
passage of glucose
form blood
into the
cell
surfaces for storage or for direct consumption.
It
may occur due to defective insulin receptors
over
cell surfaces or abnormality on plasma
protein
amylin. The
phenomenon is
called
insulin resistance.
This type of diabetes
mellitus ccounts for 80-90% of all cases of
diabetes.
It is kept under control by administration of
insulin in case of insulin dependent diabetes.
and hypoglycaemics in case of insulin independent diabetes. Sugar free diet is a pre requisite in both
the cases.
Diabetes Insipidus (Drinker’s disease): Hypo secretion
of ADH
(Antidiuretic hormone
or Vasopressin) causes a disorder known as diabetes insipidus (Excretion of large quant ity of dilute urine).
ADH is
released
into
blood when special
osmoreceptors or
hypothalamic
neuron s are
stimulated by rise in osmotic pressure of blood due to loss of water from the body.
In this disorder, person suffers from polyuria,
i.e., excessive
urine
formation
and dilute urination
(hypotonic and sugar free) several times a day. The quantity is 5 litres or more per day. There is corresponding increase in water loss from body fluids. It results in excessive thirst or polydipsia and dehydration. Appetite increases. Loss of strength and emaciation occur.
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